Hypoadrenocorticism also known as Addison’s disease, the clinical signs may appear as vague signs of illness that come and go. However, if a dog’s hormone levels become critically low, Addison’s disease can become an acute and life-threatening condition.
The adrenal glands are small organs next to the kidneys, and the glands produce essential hormones, including glucocorticoid (cortisol) and mineralocorticoid (aldosterone). These hormones regulate life-sustaining functions — including electrolytes, blood pressure, hydration, metabolism and stress responses.
Addison’s disease is caused by a lack of cortisol and aldosterone hormones. This deficiency contributes to general signs of illness, and the condition may become life-threatening if the hormone levels drop too low. The most common cause of Addison’s disease is hereditary, and it causes the dog’s immune system to destroy their adrenal glands.
Less common causes of the disease could come from infection, cancer of the adrenal glands, over-medication during the treatment of Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism) or abruptly discontinuing steroids after long-term use.
Addison’s disease is considered “atypical” when only the cortisol hormone is affected, but not aldosterone, which means that the dog’s sodium and potassium electrolytes remain unaffected.
There are three types of Addison’s disease: primary, secondary, and atypical. Primary and atypical Addison’s are usually the result of immune-mediated damage to the glands. Secondary hypoadrenocorticism is failure of the pituitary to stimulate the adrenals with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It is most often the result of long-term corticosteroid therapy (i.e., prednisone), and also can be caused b tumors, trauma, or pituitary deformities.
Addison’s disease is known as “the great pretender” because its clinical signs can mimic those of many other diseases.
The signs can wax and wane, or be vague and non-specific, and they can include any of the following:
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Increased thirst and urination
- Trembling
- Weakness
- Dehydration
Addison’s disease can also present as an acute medical emergency called an Addisonian crisis. An Addisonian crisis may appear as sudden weakness, severe vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes collapse. If your dog shows any of these signs, they need immediate veterinary care.
Addison’s disease is confirmed with a blood test called ACTH Stimulation. ACTH is a hormone that instructs the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. The test evaluates the adrenal gland’s response to a synthetic form of ACTH by measuring cortisol levels before and after the injection.
Occasionally, tests such as X-rays or abdominal ultrasounds may be performed to rule out other causes of illness.
Addison’s disease is confirmed with a blood test called ACTH Stimulation. ACTH is a hormone that instructs the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. The test evaluates the adrenal gland’s response to a synthetic form of ACTH by measuring cortisol levels before and after the injection.
Occasionally, tests such as X-rays or abdominal ultrasounds may be performed to rule out other causes of illness.
Cortisol is supplemented with daily oral steroids, such as prednisone. Aldosterone is supplemented with an injection, such as Percorten or Zycortal, about once per month. Alternatively, an oral medication called Florinef may be used to replace both aldosterone and cortisol.
Treatment during an acute Addisonian crisis may include IV fluids and other IV medications such as glucose, medications to protect the GI tract and glucocorticoids after performing diagnostic tests.
There is no cure for Addison’s disease, and your dog’s quality of life depends on lifelong treatment.
With appropriate treatment and monitoring, many dogs will have an excellent prognosis and continue to live normal lives. Otherwise, without treatment, Addison’s disease can become potentially fatal or result in a serious medical emergency.